Friday, August 21, 2020
Thirty Years War Battle of Rocroi
Thirty Years' War Battle of Rocroi In mid 1643, the Spanish propelled an intrusion of northern France with the objective of alleviating pressure on Catalonia and Franche-Comtã ©. Driven by General Francisco de Melo, the blended armed force of Spanish and Imperial soldiers crossed the fringe from Flanders and traveled through the Ardennes. Showing up at the strengthened town of Rocroi, de Melo laid attack. With an end goal to obstruct the Spanish development, the 21-year old Duc de dEnghien (later the Prince of Conde), moved north with 23,000 men. Getting word that de Melo was at Rocroi, dEnghien moved to assault before the Spanish could be fortified. Outline Moving toward Rocroi, dEnghien was shocked to find that the ways to the town were not safeguarded. Traveling through a tight debase flanked by woods and bog, he conveyed his military on an edge sitting above the town with his infantry in the inside and mounted force on the flanks. Seeing the French approaching, de Melo shaped up his military along these lines between the edge and Rocroi. In the wake of outdoors for the time being in their positions, the fight started at an early stage the morning of May 19, 1643. Moving to strike the primary blow, dEnghien propelled his infantry and the rangers to his right side. As the battling started, the Spanish infantry, battling in their customary tercio (square) arrangements picked up the advantage. On the French left, the mounted force, regardless of dEnghiens requests to hold their position charged forward. Eased back by delicate, muddy ground, the French cavalrys charge was vanquished by the German mounted force of Grafen von Isenburg. Counterattacking, Isenburg had the option to drive the French horsemen from the field and afterward moved to attack the French infantry. This strike was blunted by the French infantry save which pushed ahead to meet the Germans. While the fight was going inadequately on the left and focus, dEnghien had the option to make progress on the right. Pushing Jean de Gassions mounted force forward, with help from musketeers, dEnghien had the option to defeat the restricting Spanish rangers. With the Spanish horsemen cleared from the field, dEnghien wheeled Gassions rangers around and had them strike the flank and back of de Melos infantry. Surging into the positions of German and Walloon infantry, Gassions men had the option to compel them to withdraw. As Gassion was assaulting, the infantry save had the option to break Isenburgs ambush, convincing him to resign. Having picked up the high ground, by 8:00 AM dEnghien had the option to decrease de Melos armed force to its vaunted Spanish tercios. Encompassing the Spanish, dEnghien pounded them with mounted guns and propelled four rangers charges however couldn't break their development. After two hours, dEnghien offered the staying Spanish terms of give up like those given to a blockaded army. These were acknowledged and the Spanish were allowed to leave the field with their hues and weapons. Consequence The Battle of Rocroi cost dEnghien around 4,000 dead and injured. Spanish misfortunes were a lot higher with 7,000 dead and injured just as 8,000 caught. The French triumph at Rocroi denoted the first run through the Spanish had been vanquished in a significant land fight in almost a century. Despite the fact that they had neglected to split, the fight additionally denoted the start of the end for the Spanish tercio as a supported battling development. After Rocroi and the Battle of the Dunes (1658), militaries started moving to increasingly straight arrangements. Chosen Sources: The French Phase of the Thirty Years WarFrance and the Thirty Years War
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Photography Essay Samples
Photography Essay SamplesSo you are ready to write a photograph essay. Now what? Well, the question is how you can actually write a photo essay in a way that you are putting the best photos in your photographs? Here are some examples of sample photography essay samples.The first sample comes from 'The Bill and Mary Story.' In this story, the four people are Christopher Columbus, a fisherman, his wife, Mary, and Mary's daughters who sail along the West Coast of the United States. Columbus has never sailed the Atlantic ocean before so they decided to leave from Havana, Cuba with their possessions. Once they reach the Pacific ocean, Columbus decides to go home with his newly bought yacht and find what he considers his true home. Unfortunately, the things that Columbus purchased in Havana are stolen by pirates along the way and, as a result, the four people are forced to go back home.They return home, and this time, Columbus writes his poem 'A Brief History of the Last Voyage,' which tel ls the tale of their last voyage and the difficulties that they faced while traveling. As a result, they were able to survive. In 'The Bill and Mary Story,' Christopher Columbus concludes his poem by saying, 'May the story of this last voyage give each of us a lesson or two.'The second example of sample photography essay samples is from a short documentary film called 'Vilma Tugatington: Living Water.' Vilma was an American girl who made her living as a water purifier. When her husband was killed in World War II, she went to live in Peru, where she met her love, Paterson. After five years, she returned to America with the intent of marrying Paterson.After ten years, she was required to leave the U.S. because her husband was dead. Her son (who is also in Peru) wentto marry her maid. When she learned that her son and Paterson are married, she ended up marrying Paterson anyway, thinking it would be easier. They have three children together.Paterson and Vilma became lovers and now they travel the world together and support each other financially. When Paterson died, Vilma traveled to see him and it turned out that he was still alive. She met him again when they got divorced and now they live together in Tucson, Arizona.These two sample essays are interesting and illustrate the point well. Photography essay samples are interesting to read because they provide us with a new way to think about our life and the meaning of our lives.
Saturday, May 16, 2020
Fast Food Good Or Bad - 839 Words
Amanda Arancio Professor Selving English 103 2 October 2014 Fast Food: Good or Bad? Each day one in four Americans visits a fast food restaurant. Fast food may be one of the, if not the worst thing that could be eaten. Between its high sodium and its high salt intake, or itbeing one of the leading causes to obesity and diabetes, eating fast food is a big no no! Fast food can cut off 17-27 years off of oneââ¬â¢s life and one in every three children born in the year 2000 will have diabetes. Eating fast food is also extremely unhealthy because of the way it is made, the gravity of weight that can be gained, and the amount of time it takes to digest in your system. Most nutritionists recommend not eating fast food more than once a month, which is twelve times a year. Even this brings health concerns, but any more can definitely be extremely dangerous and concerning to your health. McDonaldââ¬â¢s feeds over 46 million people a day, which is more than the entire population of Spain. Thatââ¬â¢s crazy! After eating fast food, digesting it ma y be one of the hardest things to do. Focusing mainly on McDonalds, only seven items on the entire menu contain no sugar. Is picturing how unhealthy this food is a little easier now? French fries are the most eaten vegetable in America, and we all know how good McDonalds fries are! So imagine how many are made in a day. If placing an order of a Super Sized Coke, fry, and Big Mac, a person would need to walk for seven hours straight to burn of all theShow MoreRelatedIs Fast Food Good Or Bad?1100 Words à |à 5 PagesAdvantages Disadvantages of Fast Food More than 14, 350 McDonaldââ¬â¢s restaurants in the United States alone, and over 18, 875 KFCââ¬â¢s worldwide, only goes to reflect the popularity of fast food all over the world. Fast food can be defined as food that is easily and quickly prepared and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out. Such food fits perfectly into the fast-paced life of a modern, working individual. Although nothing appeals more to a hard-working professionalRead MoreFast Food Is Good Or Bad?1949 Words à |à 8 Pages Fast food has become one of the first food people spend money on because of its availability, cheap price, and fast service. People know how food from fast food restaurants put them at high risk of health problems because of a high amount of ingredient these restaurants use. Despite putting people at risk, fast food helps people to save time in this busy world. so is fast food good or bad? Is the meat used produced with precaution? Does fast food really put people at risk? What ingredientsRead MoreFast Food So Good, But So Bad2005 Words à |à 9 PagesMelissa Medina Professor White Monday /Wednesday 10am to 11:15am CHM1020 Fast Food so Good, But so Bad I sit down to watch T.V to catch my shows Iââ¬â¢ve missed. Once I press the on demand button, the first commercial is McDonald ten pieces chicken nugget with small fries for two dollar and fifty cents. I think to myself I could make a healthy dinner but I feel so tired for school and work. So before I could change in to my pajama, I decided to go to McDonaldRead MoreHow Fast Food Is Addictive1436 Words à |à 6 Pagestopic of fast food, most of us will readily agree that itââ¬â¢s unhealthy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether it causes addiction. While some are convinced that it doesnââ¬â¢t, others are convinced that advertisements help brain wash the new generation. Along with the chemicals added to the fast food to help contribute to the addiction cycle. My own view is that fast food is addictive. In my point of view fast food is addictive because it seems that the more fast foodRead MoreBad Food Tastes Good But Can Kill You Essay1614 Words à |à 7 Pagesà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à Bad Food Tastes Good But Can Kill You McDonald s, In-And-Out, and Carlââ¬â¢s Jr are all good places to go eat. Just thinking about these fast food joints makes your mouth water. Most Americans go to these fast food places every week. It is a weekly visit and addiction, although these foods taste good they are very bad for one s health. They can cause health problems and in severe cases death. There is advertisements and screenings about fast food or junk food everywhere now. A personRead MoreFast Food Is Better Than Healthier Choices886 Words à |à 4 Pageslife? The answer to this question is fast food. Just in the United States there are over 200,000 fast food companies that make over 190 billion dollars a year. Although millions of people consume fast food, what are they really eating? I believe that fast food, as well as most processed food, is a problem that often goes unnoticed. Fast food does have several benefits to people. The first one would be that it is quick. Sometimes it is impossible to make food at home if you are driving all day, workingRead MoreEssay on Fast Food Industry968 Words à |à 4 Pagesworld has become so fast paced that everything is rushed. Almost every aspect of life has become industrialized. Food and the way it is prepared is no exception to this world that always appears to be in fast forward. The fast food industry has revolutionized how and what people eat. The public has begun to consume more fast food and the problem is that people do not know what they are eating. If the concept of a nutritious meal is thrown out the window for the convenience of fast food then the healthRead MoreCritical Thinking Questions From The Movie Super Size Me976 Words à |à 4 Pagesand just make my own healthy food diet. I started to eat out more because of my job and having a car to drive to restaurants and fast food places so I could satisfy m y hunger. I think it made a great valid point because there is so much evidence and It shows you that eating at fast food places like McDonaldââ¬â¢s is bad for you and your health. 2. What do you think the relationship is between fast food and obesity? Do you think suing places like McDonalds is a good solution to our nationââ¬â¢s obesityRead MoreThink Before You Eat673 Words à |à 3 Pages1 billion. (-) The worldââ¬â¢s population obesity rates are not decreasing, the rates are increasing rapidly. The amount of bad food the population is consuming has affected the nationââ¬â¢s obesity rates, and there should be stop to this epidemic.â⬠The percentage of obese adults has more than doubled over the last 30 years.â⬠(Bad Food? Tax it, and Subsidize Vegetables). Obesity is a fast growing epidemic that we as a nation need to find ways to fight it and put a stop to the rapidly growing rates. ââ¬Å"The risingRead MoreThe Health Of Fast Food1625 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Health of Fast Food By: Chaise Wohrer Fast food is a very delicious meal sometimes. It s fast, it s cheap, and you don t have to clean pots and pans after you eat. Although, fast food might not be your best choice. These meals can be very unhealthy for you. I think fast food fast food can take a tool on your body when you eat it very often, large amounts, and unhealthy choices. A Big Mac from McDonalds contains 540 calories and 28 grams of total fat. (Calories in McDonalds Big Mac Burger)
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Concert At The Meyer Theater - 858 Words
On Wednesday, February seventeenth, I had the pleasure of attending Noteworthyââ¬â¢s concert at the Meyer-Mclean Theater. Noteworthy is an a capella group from Brigham Young University, and is composed entirely of female students. Though only one of the girls is a music major, all share an incredible love of music, and it showed in their thoughtful, energetic performance. Rather than having a theme for their concert, the nine singers of Noteworthy performed a wide variety of songs from different eras and genres of music. The one thing these pieces did have in common was their instrumentation: that is to say, they had none. All of the noises needed to recreate each piece, whether it was jazz or pop, were produced from the singers themselves. This style of music is called a capella. As with many types of music, a capella found its start in a religious setting. Around the year seventy A.D., rabbis prohibited the use of instruments in synagogues in order to distinguish their rituals from those of the pagans. Then, in the first century, monks created Gregorian chants, which were sung in monasteries and lacked instrumentation. They steadily rose in popularity through the eleventh century, being spread throughout the world by the Catholic Church. Later on, during the colonization of the Americaââ¬â¢s, African slaves took to singing their native songs without instruments, as they were not permitted any. This tradition inspired the barbershop quartets of the early 1900ââ¬â¢s, which oftenShow MoreRelatedAugust Rush Movie Review1407 Words à |à 6 PagesA. Title of the Film August Rush B. Lead Characters ï⠯ Evan Taylor (August Rush) ââ¬â Freddie Highmore ï⠯ Lyla Novacek ââ¬â Keri Russell ï⠯ Louis Connelly ââ¬â Jonathan Rhys Meyers C. Director Kirsten Sheridan D. Setting of the Story ï⠯ New York, USA ï⠯ San Francisco, USA ï⠯ Chicago, USA E. Summary of the Film The main character, Evan Taylor, can hear music in everything around him. He is being raised in an orphanage with no contact with his parents, although he insists that he can hear them. Evan believesRead MoreA Character Analysis of Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill Essay830 Words à |à 4 Pagesdescription of Miss Brills simple life and the personal privacy she appears to enjoy seem quite plausible. It would not be difficult to imagine her teaching her young charges, reading to the elderly, and finally topping off the week with a Sunday concert in the park where people are living, laughing, loving and singing. Miss Brill engages in shameless people watching. She has taken the practice of keen observation and elevated it to an art form. Miss Brill ascribes to the notion that since weRead MoreAmerican Beliefs and Values2136 Words à |à 9 Pagescity of Fairmount, Indiana James Dean is honored by a special museum, dedicated to his memory, and with the annual festival, Fairmount James Dean Day. Each year, thousands visit the annual festival and the James Dean Exhibit. The museum also has a theater with screenings of Dean s films. In 2005 in the USA survey entitled The Big Star carried out by the Times Magazine in order to find the nation s best loved actor of all time, James Dean, 50 years after his death, was named in the Top 5. He isRead MoreMarketing Question Bank16868 Words à |à 68 Pagescan make it, it will sell. C. all marketing activities were brought under the control of one department. D. increased competition made firms focus on winning customers. E. marketing people did both sh ort-run and long-run marketing planning. 293.Asa Meyer was just named FireFly Products sales manager, with responsibilities for all marketing planning. FireFly s president told him that his job is to outsell the competition. Apparently, FireFly is operating in the ______________ era. A. market-orientedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 PagesSoviet Union, as well as immigrant Turks, Arabs, Chinese, and Vietnamese arrived in search of work. Ethnic competition sometimes broke out in violence. Russiaââ¬â¢s war against Chechen rebels spilled over into guerrilla warfare in the streets and cinema theaters of Russia. IN SEARCH OF AN URBAN PARADIGM FOR AN URBAN WORLD â⬠¢ 75 In terms of business, Russian cities that had provided only minimal shopping facilities began, rather quickly, to see new shops open and private businesses flourish, givingRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words à |à 163 Pagesappraisal of minor coercion, greatly accelerated development of the laws of war, introduced international machinery for peaceful settlement of disputes, began a tradition of international cooperation on issues of war and peace, and even introduced the Concert of Europe system a concern with maintenance of the balance of power. On eve of WWI, its focus was on mechanisms and procedures for peaceful settlements of disputes. ii. League on Nations founded 1920 as an integral part of Treaty of Versailles atRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words à |à 549 Pagesaccounts ââ¬â Revenue cycle i. Decide how many units to make next month ââ¬â Production cycle j. Complete picking ticket for customer order ââ¬â Revenue cycle k. Record factory employee timecards - Human resources/payroll cycle l. Sell concert tickets ââ¬â Revenue cycle m. Draw on line-of-credit ââ¬â Financing cycle n. Send new employees to a business ethics course - Human resources/payroll cycle o. Pay utility bills ââ¬â Expenditure cycle p. Pay property taxes on officeRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words à |à 339 Pages Page 49 49 Associating does, alphabetically with theater under T. Instead, while theater will associate with T, it will also associate with all of the other knowledge stored in the brain that the brain associates with it. Some associations with theater will seem logical, such as Broadway, showtime, or intermission, while others may be less obvious, such as kissing, acting career, or anxiety (perhaps due to a botched theater performance during high school). The more diverse knowledge
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
The Haunting free essay sample
The Haunting In ââ¬Å"The Hauntingâ⬠by Joan Lowery Nixon develops the protagonist and antagonist in the beginning and middle of the novel. Lowery presents the protagonist Lia Starling, and the antagonist Mr. Slade the evil in the Graymoss Plantation. The author gives the readers that Liaââ¬â¢s a typical teenager with a love of literature; but when sheââ¬â¢s in the hospital at her great grandmotherââ¬â¢s deathbed, her great-grandma thought she was her mom Anna Starling and she was telling her about Graymoss and telling her, ââ¬Å"Graymoss is there. Itââ¬â¢s waiting. â⬠In The Haunting, Lia finds that Graymoss was being haunted when Placide Blevins died and thatââ¬â¢s when the evil thingââ¬â¢s started; Charlotte got scared of her own home, and the evil pushed her cousin on the veranda. At the end of The Haunting, Lia forces Mr. Slade out of Graymoss; she feels the house is safe for her parentsââ¬â¢ to complete their dream. We will write a custom essay sample on The Haunting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout The Haunting, the interactions of Lia and Mr. Slade drive the plot of the novel. The Haunting, Lia is terrified that her great-grandma was talking about Graymoss and was on the verge of dying; when Sarah died Lia explained to her mother and grandmother what Sarah told her (10). When Lia has Charlotteââ¬â¢s diary she trying to figure out why the Plantation is evil and being haunted. Liaââ¬â¢s and her parents decided to look at the house to see how many rooms it has; so Lia and Jolie went to a voodoo shop to get something to protect herself, and she got gris-gris from the cashier, and she was instructed to keep around neck under her shirt at all times (54). When the readers read all that they get intense, exited, and they donââ¬â¢t want to put the novel down, but readers just canââ¬â¢t stop reading The Haunting. In the middle of The Haunting, the reader got to read who the antagonist is in Charlotteââ¬â¢s diary and Charlotte describes Mr. Sladeââ¬â¢s a cruel, villainy, nasty, thief, coward, and a rotten man (27-28). Readers get the sense what Charlotte had when she first saw Mr. Slade. The plantation was going to get burned because the Armyââ¬â¢s officers were drunk and was telling their commander, but he responded on telling the too shut your mouths and calm down (30). Mr. Slade was even threatening Charlotte on telling her that sheââ¬â¢s a prized position because of the war (29). The readerââ¬â¢s felt upset when Mr. Slade told to Charlotte that on her birthday readers just wants to tell Mr. Slade to go away from Graymoss and never come back. Lia herself felt sorry for Charlotte for what she heard. At the end of the novel, Lia had to go to the house and fight off Mr. Slade and tell him to go and youââ¬â¢re free from where you hide (183). At the end the readers feel relieved that the house is safe from Mr. Slade;s evil doing; instead of telling her parents and grandma on saying that she got rid of the evil in the house and the house is now safe to live in, she calls the sheriff and reported a murder (184). The readers are shocked that Lia had called the police instead to a party to make some friends or to have a good time. Readers are going to love The Haunting because its such a good book. Joan Lowery Nixon genre is in the Gothic era, and readers can tell she happy with her books because people are reading them. Some young women can relate to Nixons main character Lia; with a love of reading, hanging with her friends, and a sense of adventure. Lia calls all the women in her family Women Who Are Exceptionally Brave and Lia takes pride that she has her name on the banner. Readers are proud of Lia for standing up to the evil, so her parents can fulfill their dream. The whole novel is a good book to read because theyââ¬â¢re so much about the plantation and the characters that you cant get enough of and you dont want the novel to end.
Wednesday, April 15, 2020
Lord Of The Rings Essays - The Lord Of The Rings, Action Heroes
Lord Of The Rings J. R. R. Tolkien - The Lord Of The Rings. (3/4) Part 1: The Fellowship of the Ring Part 2: The Two Towers Part 3: The Return of the King THE RETURN OF THE KING Book V Chapter 1 Minas Tirith Chapter 2 The Passing of the Grey Company Chapter 3 The Muster of Rohan Chapter 4 The Siege of Gondor Chapter 5 The Ride of the Rohirrim Chapter 6 The Battle of the Pelennor Fields Chapter 7 The Pyre of Denethor Chapter 8 The Houses of Healing Chapter 9 The Last Debate Chapter 10 The Black Gate Opens Book VI Chapter 1 The Tower of Cirith Ungol Chapter 2 The Land of Shadow Chapter 3 Mount Doom Chapter 4 The Field of Cormallen Chapter 5 The Steward and the King Chapter 6 Many Partings Chapter 7 Homeward Bound Chapter 8 The Scouring of the Shire Chapter 9 The Grey Havens ----------------------------------- THE RETURN OF THE KING Pippin looked out from the shelter of Gandalf's cloak. He wondered if he was awake or still sleeping, still in the swift-moving dream in which he had been wrapped so long since the great ride began. The dark world was rushing by and the wind sang loudly in his ears. He could see nothing but the wheeling stars, and away to his right vast shadows against the sky where the mountains of the South marched past. Sleepily he tried to reckon the times and stages of their journey, but his memory was drowsy and uncertain. There had been the first ride at terrible speed without a halt, and then in the dawn he had seen a pale gleam of gold, and they had come to the silent town and the great empty house on the hill. And hardly had they reached its shelter when the winged shadow had passed over once again, and men wilted with fear. But Gandalf had spoken soft words to him, and he had slept in a corner, tired but uneasy, dimly aware of comings and goings and of men talking and Gandalf giving orders. And then again riding, riding in the night. This was the second, no, the third night since he had looked in the Stone. And with that hideous memory he woke fully, and shivered, and the noise of the wind became filled with menacing voices. A light kindled in the sky, a blaze of yellow fire behind dark barriers Pippin cowered back, afraid for a moment, wondering into what dreadful country Gandalf was bearing him. He rubbed his eyes, and then he saw that it was the moon rising above the eastern shadows, now almost at the full. So the night was not yet old and for hours the dark journey would go on. He stirred and spoke. 'Where are we, Gandalf?' he asked. 'In the realm of Gondor,' the wizard answered. 'The land of An?rien is still passing by.' There was a silence again for a while. Then, 'What is that?' cried Pippin suddenly, clutching at Gandalf's cloak. 'Look! Fire, red fire! Are there dragons in this land? Look, there is another!' For answer Gandalf cried aloud to his horse. 'On, Shadowfax! We must hasten. Time is short. See! The beacons of Gondor are alight, calling for aid. War is kindled. See, there is the fire on Amon D?n, and flame on Eilenach; and there they go speeding west: Nardol, Erelas, Min-Rimmon, Calenhad, and the Halifirien on the borders of Rohan.' But Shadowfax paused in his stride, slowing to a walk, and then he lifted up his head and neighed. And out of the darkness the answering neigh of other horses came; and presently the thudding of hoofs was heard, and three riders swept up and passed like flying ghosts in the moon and vanished into the West. Then Shadowfax gathered himself together and sprang away, and the night flowed over him like a roaring wind. Pippin became drowsy again and paid little attention to Gandalf telling him of the customs of Gondor, and how the Lord of the City had beacons built on the tops of outlying hills along both borders of the great range, and maintained posts at these points where fresh horses were always in readiness to bear his errand-riders to Rohan in the North, or to Belfalas in the South. 'It is long since the beacons of the North were lit,' he said; 'and
Thursday, March 12, 2020
Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius You cant simply whip out a yardstick or ruler to measure the size of anà atom. Theseà building blocksà of all matterà are much too small, and, sinceà electronsà are always in motion, the diameter of an atom is a bit fuzzy. Two measures used to describe atomic size areà atomic radius andà ionic radius. The two are very similar- and in some cases, even the same- but there are minor and important differences between them. Read on to learn more about these two ways to measure an atom. Key Takeaways: Atomic vs Ionic Radius There are different ways to measure the size of the atom, including atomic radius, ionic radius, covalent radius, and van der Waals radius.The atomic radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom. In other words, it is half the diameter of an atom, measuring across the outer stable electrons.The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. This value may be the same as the atomic radius, or it may be larger for anions and the same size of smaller for cations.Both atomic and ionic radius follow the same trend on the periodic table. Generally, radius decreases moving across a period (row) and increases moving down a group (column). Atomic Radius The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron of a neutral atom. In practice, the value is obtained by measuring the diameter of an atom and dividing it in half. The radii of neutral atoms ranges from 30 to 300 pm or trillionths of a meter. The atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of theà atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may actually refer to theà ionic radius,à as well as theà covalent radius, metallic radius, orà van der Waals radius. Ionic Radius The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. Values range from 30 pm to over 200 pm. In a neutral atom, the atomic and ionic radius are the same, but many elements exist as anions or cations. If the atom loses its outermost electron (positively charged or cation), the ionic radius is smaller than the atomic radius because the atom loses an electron energy shell. If the atom gains an electron (negatively charged or anion), usually the electron falls into an existing energy shell so the size of the ionic radius and atomic radius are comparable. The concept of ionic radius is further complicated by the shape of atoms and ions. While particles of matter are often depicted as spheres, they arent always round. Researchers have discovered chalcogen ions are actually ellipsoid in shape. Trends in theà Periodic Table Whichever method you use to describe atomic size, it displays a trend or periodicity in the periodic table. Periodicity refers to the recurring trends that are seen in the element properties.à These trends became apparent toà Demitri Mendeleevà when he arranged the elements in order of increasing mass. Based on the properties that were displayedà by the known elements, Mendeleev was able to predict where there were holes in his table, or elements yet to be discovered. Theà modern periodic tableà is very similar to Mendeleevs table but today, elements are ordered by increasingà atomic number, which reflectsà the number of protonsà in an atom. There arent any undiscovered elements,à although new elementsà can be created that have even higher numbers of protons. Atomic and ionic radius increase as you move down a column (group) of the periodic table because an electron shell is added to the atoms. Atomic size decreases as you move across a row- or period- of the table because the increased number of protons exerts a stronger pull on the electrons. Noble gasses are the exception. Although the size of a noble gas atom does increase as you move down the column, these atoms are larger than the preceding atoms in a row. Sources Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., p.1385). Wiley. 1988. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1960Wasastjerna, J. A. On the Radii of Ions.à Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn.à 1à (38): 1ââ¬â25. 1923
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